Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies Essay Example for Free

Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies EssayBased glowering of this reading, it can be assumed that the conditions in the Indies during the time this text was written were not humane whatsoever. The actions of the Spaniards were very much barbaric, and completely contradict the religion which the Spaniards were act so desperately to impose upon the natives of the Indies. Without having to go into detail, it is said by Bartoleme in the letter that the Spaniards would treat the people of the Indies as wild beasts, cattle, or animals. But he then goes back on this statement saying that in fact they treated them less than livestock, because they at least took care of the livestock. This is a good recitation of how barbarically the Spaniards ruled over the Natives. There was no respect for the Natives, even though they were described as peaceful, passive, kind, and as overall decent human beings.Yet in the eyes of the Spaniards, the same people were seen as barbarians and savages. What makes the situation even more disturbing is that the Spaniards used the name of god to justify their ruthless actions. They saw it as their divine right to take over the Natives. Fortunately, there were people like Bartoleme that spoke out against these cruel acts. He wrote the letter describing all the acts of inhumanity towards the Natives to the fairy and Queen of Spain in order to create rules and regulations that would regulate the actions of the Spaniards in the Indies. This alone was a substantial act of humanity.The only ironical part is that he suggests that the Spanish use African people instead of using the Natives of the Indies for labor. Unfortunately at the time, there were still mass amounts of racism, even amongst the most noble of men. Men much(prenominal) as Bartoleme who spoke out against cruel acts were still subject to their own racist antics. Although this wasnt very out-of-the-ordinary at the time, in todays globe its despicable nonetheless. I ts a very hypocritical suggestion that he had for the King and Queen, and for that, would lose all credit for anything positive that happened to the Natives after his ideas were reinforced.

Humor Concept Speech Essay Example for Free

Humor Concept Speech EssayThe two clips I showed are ones that I find particularly hilarious. Not for any particular reason other than the fact that I just do. Thats the beauty of peevishness its not a science, its an art. There is no magical equation to making an audience or even a person gag at every presented joke because each person has their own sense of humor. immediately, well be exploring the definition, synonyms and antonyms, how different types of humor are linked to our society and central aspects that puddle humor so individual centered. The word humor has various definitions. Wikipedia defines humor as the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide pastime whereas theasarus.com merely defines it as comedy and/or funniness. The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humors (Latin humor, body fluid), go over human health and emotion. A l eadenly a(prenominal) synonyms include amusement, banter and happiness. Antonyms include drama, depression and seriousness.Do you know what the films Super Bad, Tropic Thunder, Anchorman, Animal House, The Hangover, Bridesmaids, Zoolander, Air Plane, Talladega Night, Monty Python and the devoted Grail, Juno, Team America World Police, Waynes World and Step Brother have in common? (pause for audience answers, if any) They all ended up on Best comedy lists for their year of release and that decade. Each of these films may have the fact that they are all comedies in common but that is where the similarities end. Each caters to a specific audience and a particular type of humor. Lets take a look at various television shows of the last few decades. The Cosby Show, Roseanne, The Office, 30 ROCK, Parks and Recreations, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Modern Family, Full House, I Love Lucy, Threes Company, Will and Grace, Family Guy and Batman. Yes, I said Batman. All of the shows, more than gi ve care the movies mentioned earlier, apply different techniques and cater to different audiences. The earlier shows such as I Love Lucy, Threes Company, Batman rely on humourous humor and exaggeration in order to entertain.Its a more, simplistic and physical style of comedy. These shows were bit farcical which is merely a comedy of errors. ane of those I overheard part of s conversation and completely misunderstood the context. Let hilarity in sue. Later on though as our society authentic so did the comedy. It moved from farcical to more of a situational comedy, focusing on familial discord. Shows in this genre are Full House, Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and Roseanne. These shows still strickle a chord today due to their relatable situations. The comedy of the current time demands that you are educated as we become more sophisticated so does our comedy. Todays comedies feature biting wit and pop culture references galore. Many of the most popular shows of today are satires. Weve ev olved as a society in the west and require than a clever disguise to keep us entertain so why not poke fun at ourselves. Shows like Modern Family, 30 Rock, The Office and Parks and Recreations all really on the fact that nothing is funnier than imitating life.Each takes a standard concept and uses exaggeration to bind it funny. But that doesnt explain why we find it funny? What makes these shows humorous? Many of the shows dont appeal to some and yet others swear by them. What makes people experience humor so differently? According to BBC writer Tom Stafford, its a part of the brain that developed before the high learning complex, so its a primal response a communicative gesture. But its unclear as to why. From a sociological standpoint its individualized because it stems from our experiences and moral teachings. This is why, according to BBC writer Jonathan Duffy, many shows that try to function in a different culture have a hard time.British shows rarely do well on American Tel evision and vice versa with two exceptions being The Office and Queer as Folk. Each state of matter developed with different societal teachings. This cannot be said of Asiatic countries, which have various remakes of each others shows with no problem. Everyone has experienced life differently. opus some people may enjoy the uniform types of humor or similar aspects no two persons will find all of the exact same things funny. We may never truly know what makes us respond the way we do to certain situations. For now we might as well sit back, slack up and enjoy lifes funny moments.

Strategic marketing planning

St tempogic merchandising envisionningThe straitlaced application and implementation of a strategic merchandiseplaceing plan is essential to the supremacy of any business. A company prat have a perfect product, but without proper placement, identifying an audience and a trade plan appropriate activity would not be adapted to market its products to consumers.Watawala Plantations PLC was able to convert an activity performed in the home of moneymaking(prenominal) success through the implementation and respect of its strategic intentions. The company was able to convince consumers that the store offers more(prenominal) than just afternoon afternoon tea, but rather a abounding experience they should have on a recurring basis. The company was able to translate this consumer experience of its products for an extremely lucrative.This strategic marketing plan ordain hash out the marketing strategy implemented by Watawala Plantations PLC, and evaluate the plan of the company i n the current marketing strategies including market segmentation, targeting strategies, positioning, the competitive environment, and various other factors that locomote its marketing strategy including external macro environmental forces.Table of contentsTitle Page.1.0 Introduction 042.0 Watawala Plantations An Overview 052.1 Company Background 052.2 boot, visual modality Corporate Values 062.2.1 Mission 062.2.2 Vision 072.2.3 Corporate Values 073.0 Product Description Oolong Tea 084.0 Construction of SWOT A Situational Analysis 085.0 merchandiseing Objectives 106.0 Market Segmentation, Target Market and Positioning 106.1 Market Segmentation 106.2 Target Market 116.3 Positioning 117.0 Macro environmental Analysis PEST Factors 128.0 The Marketing amalgamate 4Ps 148.1 Product 148.2 hurt 158.3 Place ( diffusion) 168.4 progress 169.0 Proposed Marketing cipher 1710.0 rating and Control 1811.0 Bibliography 191.0 IntroductionToday in the rapidly changing corporate arna one of the frequently spoken subject is beseeming the Strategic Market Planning and many expensive reference materials fanny be commonly seen in bookstores, libraries and via online sources. But what exactly is Strategic Marketing Plan, how to judge the external macro environment? What are the impacts of political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors have on developing Strategic Marketing Plan? These are some of the common questions to be answered.Without a clear strategy the scheme is like a ship without a rudder, going around in circles. This strategic marketing plan hustling to Watawala Plantations PLC is essential for the newcomer Oolong tea to the market. Oolong Tea is an innovative product that is close to the tea and mysterious tea, and this product can be a cleaner body. This strategic marketing plan will discuss the marketing strategy implemented by Watawala Plantations PLC.It is very much evident, that the strategic marketing plan for Watawala Plantations PLC has been successfully accomplished after gaining a substantial understanding from the various reliable sources where the information have been gathered.I strongly feel that the information that I have provided in this strategic marketing plan will definitely satisfy the assessment criteria. Last but not the least I wish to mention that, at the best of my knowledge, Ive acknowledged tout ensemble the sources which I did refer to complete this strategic marketing plan.2.0 Watawala Plantations An Overview2.1 Company BackgroundWatawala Plantations PLC is a pioneer tea plantation and marketing company in Sri Lanka. This is a listed company is a joystick venture with the legendary Tata Group, which owns the No. 1 tea brand in Britain Tetley. Today Watawala plantations PLC has undertaken the anxiety of selected 18 prime tea estates in all elevations of low-rise, medium-and high-grown along with a pair of rubber plantations, and the Sri Lankas only palm oil factory and employs over 15,000 people.With the joint venture in Tata Tea India, Watawala Plantations PLC has accepted the challenge of converting trade and productivity in to competition. The unique advantage of three diversified namely crops, tea, rubber and palm tree has made the company to move in several(predicate) directions in terms of involvement with the daily biography of people in Sri Lanka. Total area of plantations is shared region 12,442.13 hectares, of which 41% is the tea, rubber is 18% and 8% less for the cultivation of oil palm. About 7% is separate for firewood and the rest is uncultivated and remains as the areas of conservation, forestry, spices, vegetable cultivation, jungle, buildings, roads, etc.2.2 Mission, Vision Corporate Values2.2.1Mission Statement correspond to David (1995, p.88) a business mission can be classified as the rump for priorities, strategies, plans, and work assignment. In other words it can be said as the starting point for the build of managerial jobs and , above all, for the design of managerial structures. A mission statement which focuses on a businesss current activities reveals the long-term vision of an organization in terms of what it wants to be and whom it wants to serve.The Mission Statement of Watawala Plantations PLCBy the family 2015 we will get closer to our end user locally and internationally byAdding value to our products (tea, rubber, palm oil)Being committed to producing quality products utilize our own brandFully utilize the technological advancements and land resources in an eco-friendly mannerTo respect and understand the community in which we do business notice the diversity and the power of our peopleWhile continuing to,Be the preferred supplier in tea, rubber, palm oil globallyEnhance return to our shareholders2.2.2 VisionA strategic vision concerns a firms future business fashion that is where we are going. Companys vision defines the desired or delegateed future state of an organization or company in res pect of its basic objectives. Vision is a long-term sometimes describing how the organization wants the world must stay where it operates. The primary use of goods and services of a companys vision is to establish a dream to all its employees and stake holders to achieve the companys corporate goals.The Vision Statement of Watawala Plantations PLCWe will take a path no one has walked before and many will want to follow2.2.3 Core ValuesWatawala Plantations willEnsure that our business is always customer pore and that we continuously strive to twin their demands with the highest level of service.Be committed to offering the highest quality products at all times to our customers globally.Recognize and motivate our employees who are the die hard wire of the organization, to achieve their fullest potential and provide equal opportunities regardless of gender, religion, race or colour to excel in their work.Value transparency and honesty in everything we do.Contribute positively to th e long term sustainability and development of the external community and the environment we operate in.Be innovative and strive for continuous improvement in whatever we do.Recognize that our shareholders are of utmost importance to us and ensure the best possible returns to them.3.0 Product Description Oolong TeaThere are hundreds of different varieties of tea made from tea plant, Camellia Sinensis, but almost all of them is divided into three blanket(a)er categories which are respectively black teas, which are fully oxidate before drying a careful fermentation process, green tea is dried quickly, while non-oxidized oolong, which is somewhere in the middle and combine the best features of both. Oolong is partially fermented (semi-fermented) tea, which is know for its rich taste and pleasant lasting aftertaste. Oolong is classified as black or dark green tea which is baked longer than leafy vegetable Oolongs. Green Oolong is usually smells stronger as Dark Oolong is usually has a stronger aftertaste. Special oven baked Oolong is only an intermediate dark green.4.0 Construction of SWOT A Situational AnalysisAccording to David (2004, pp.156-158) no organization is equally strong or weak in all its functional areas. Objectives and strategies are established with the intention of groovyizing upon internal strengths and overcoming weaknesses. The boilersuit valuation of a companys strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are called as the SWOT abridgment.A SWOT summary is use as a framework to help the firm to develop its overall corporate, marketing, or product strategies. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors, which are controllable by the company. Whereas, Opportunities threats are external factors tend to be uncontrollable by the organization. The SWOT analysis of the Watawala Plantations PLC can be illustrated as followsStrengthsUniqueness of the product Benefits of product are outstanding and not offered by any other product/company .Brand cognisance high up quality tea eminent quality serviceExpertise on the tea businessEntrepreneurial spirit and commitmentComplete and broad trained staffOpportunitiesCan open new lines of businessMass market tea wrongs will stabilizeConsumers are living a more healthy lifestyleConsumers prefer quality products that offer true valueModern technology in the tea industry will be able to accession productivityGrowth in tea market due to promotional materialal efforts of healthy attributes of teaThreatsSeasonal demandMisperception of tea consumption opposition from coffee shopsLimited number of raw materialsUnstable tea supply of high quality teaHigh quality tea prices will increase moderatelyTea market is very competitive and relative elastic where strong local competitors such as Lipton, Bogawanthalaweetc.SWOTANALYSISWeaknessesBudget deficitsLess access to modern technologies with to Oolong tea manufacturing process5.0 Marketing ObjectivesAll businesses, as a rule, need to p ut objectives on their own, for the products or services they intend to launch. Setting objectives are important because they focus on specific aims over a period of time and can motivate the staff additionally to meet the set objectives. The marketing intention Watawala Plantations PLC is to grab a 10% market share and to achieve a sales volume worth of SLR 2,500,000 during the current year 2011.6.0 Market Segmentation, Target Market and Positioning6.1 Market SegmentationAn organization cannot satisfy the needs and wants of all consumers. To do so, may result in a massive drain in company resources. Segmentation is simply the process of dividing a particular market for a good or service into sections, which give away similar characteristics or behavior. There are a number of segmentation variables that allow an organization to divide their market into homogenous groups.There is no hotshot way to segment a market. A good marketer has to try different segmentation methods, either a lone or in combination, in entrap to view the market structure clearly. Segmentation can be categorized in to four major variables. They are geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables.It has to be clearly unsounded that Watawala Plantations PLC has utilized the demographic segmentation variable to divide the market. In demographic segmentation, the market can be divided in to groups such as age, gender, income, family size, family life cycle, occupation, education, race, religion, generation, nationality and social class.But here Watawala Plantations PLC going to consider only the first three groups from the demographic variables as described above. It is very much evident that in particular, the demographic segmentation variables have been chosen because of two reasons. One is that, customer wants, preferences, and usage rates are often associated with demographic variables and the other is that the demographic variables are easier to measure.6.2 Target Marke tTarget Market is the specific group of customers that a company aims to capture. They have been identified as the people with needs or wants that can be met with the products or services from the company. When evaluating the market segments, Watawala Plantations PLC must look at three major factors. They are segment size growth, segment structural attractiveness, and companys growth. Considering these aspects Watawala Plantations PLC has heady its target group as anybody who is interested in good quality tea. Mass market is the strategy of the company aiming to sell their product to broad market in Spain.6.3 PositioningAfter an organization has selected its target market, the next stage is to decide how it wants to position itself within that chosen segment. A products position is the complex set of perceptions, impressions, and feelings that consumers hold for the particular product compared with the competing products in the market. As marketers, Watawala Plantations PLC not on ly plan positions that gives our products the greatest advantage in selected target markets, but also we design marketing mixes to create these planned positions. Therefore Watawala Plantations PLC is going market its Oolong Tea under its renowned positioning theme THE ART OF TEA7.0 Macro Environmental Analysis PEST FactorsAccording to David (2004, p.114) the part of an external audit is to develop a predetermined list of opportunities that could benefit the firm and threats that should be avoided. The Relationship amongst Key External Forces and an organization can be illustrated as followsTherefore while formulating business strategies, Watawala Plantations PLC should be able to respond towards the external macro environmental factors in order to take the maximum advantage of external opportunities or that minimize the impact of potential threats.PEST analysis is a framework used to scan the external macro-environment, in which a firm operates. It is an important aspect to a co mpany, in order to begin the marketing process. The following gird represents the analysis of the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors Watawala Plantations PLC has to consider before deciding either Germany or Australia would be potential market to expand the fruity malt loaf product. The grid below examines the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors with regard to the potential impact and its relative importance towards Watawala Plantations PLC.PESTAnalysis FactorsPotential ImpactRelativeImportancePolitical FactorsStrict job policies specialtyImportantFunding grantsMediumUnimportantLocal pressure groupsHighUnimportantGovernment policiesHighImportantPolitical influenceHighImportantEconomic FactorsEconomic structureCommand Economy prices are determined by the governmentImportantTaxation issuesTotal tax rate is 64% on ProfitCriticalInterest rates3.0%ImportantInflation rates9.4%ImportantSocio-culturalFactorsConsumer attitudesHighCritica lConsumer opinionsHighCriticalMedia viewsHighImportantBrand imageHighImportantBuying access and trendsHighCriticalHealth consciousnessHighCriticalReligious factorsMediumImportantTechnological FactorsTechnology developmentHighImportantResearch fundingMediumImportantRecycling systemsMediumImportant8.0 The Marketing Mix 4PsTo achieve the marketing objectives, the company has to use the marketing controllable elements (4Ps) effectively. A company might adopt one or more marketing strategies when introducing a product newly. It can set a high or low-level trend for each of its marketing variables, such as price, promotion, distribution, and product quality. Therefore, the key elements of the marketing mix namely product, price, place (distribution) and promotion have to be utilized Watawala Plantations PLC as follows8.1 ProductA good Oolong tea is refreshing and delicious the Oolong spectrum has a range of aromas and tastes quite different from what you get with green or black tea. It i s difficult to obtain reliable figures on the caffeine content, but its probably not entirely wrong to say that the cup of Oolong average, well mixed, has about half as much caffeine as a cup of black tea and about half again as much as a cup of green tea.The difference mainly comes from the brewing temperature, not the composition of the tea itself. Although Oolong has the characteristics of black and green tea, the taste has little in common. If not overcooked, most Oolong seems almost no trace of bitterness, and generally a stronger aroma than any black or green tea. Like other tea, Oolong is rich in antioxidants called polyphenols. These help prevent cancer, keep your heart healthy and aid general well-being.8.2 PricePrice can be simply defined as the amount of money charged for a product or a service provided. A companys price decisions are accepted either by internal factors relating to the company or external environmental factors or both.The major external environmental fac tor, which is going to affect the pricing decision, of Watawala Plantations PLC depends on the competitors costs, prices and their possible reactions in relation to the price fixing modes of Watawala Plantations PLC. A consumer when deciding to purchase our Watawala Plantations PLCs Oolong Tea, at the first instance evaluate the price and value of other products, which compete with Watawala Plantations PLCs products.Considering these pricing factors Watawala Plantations PLC should to apply the market penetration pricing strategy, meaning, to fix a low initial price at the entre stage, in order to penetrate the market successfully at the outset. This is due to the fact that, it is an ideal pricing strategy which can be applied with success at the introductory stage itself, to attract a large number of buyers quickly and effectively so as to win a large market share, in a short period of time. Upon successful launch of Oolong tea, Watawala Plantations PLC can adapt skimming strategy. 8.3 Place (distribution)The distribution modes will cover all areas and all consumers coming under the target group. This is certain as the popularity grows with the demand. A competent distribution strategy will enhance the chances of attaining the goal with easy reach. Through maintaining proper contacts and application of the experience and specialization in the trade and through insuring a steady supply of goods without shortages the reach is assured with satisfactory results.Over the appointment of distributors and agents for the purpose of popularizing the product, requirements and competence in promotion, experience, market familiarity in relation to the productsetc. In addition to the distributors, a careful consideration will be given towards selecting the distribution strategy. In this case an intensive distribution strategy will be utilized where it is expected to bring in quick and satisfactory results.8.4 PromotionPromotion is one of the key elements in the marketing mi x. The intention now is to inform, persuade and to familiarize Oolong tea to the market and to popularize it. In this regard sales promotion and pre publicity are two areas, which are related to public relations. To target the group, pre publicity is essential via the media namely the electronic and the print. It is through proper and efficient advertizement methods, the target group mainly the consumers would be reached easily which we intend to employ. The channels, which we hope to utilize both in TV and Radio in addition to the press, will be chosen based on their popularity and result-oriented methods adopted. In this regard a careful consideration would be given to economize the expenditure for the promotion purpose. In addition to the above method e-marketing strategy will also be utilized via social media networks such as Twitter, Facebook. YouTubeetc.9.0 Proposed Marketing BudgetA financial plan will be carried out since the initiation of the strategic marketing plan in or der to determine the total amount of capital needed for each marketing related activity and to be completed within stipulated investment limit, which allows the marketing manager to measure the past with the forecasts actually played out during the project. Figure A illustrates the proposed marketing budget for Watawala Plantations PLC.Figure ADescriptionAmount(SLR)Amount(SLR)Estimated Sales10,000,000(-) Estimated ExpensesRaw Materials500,000Sales Distribution400,000Financial Expenses200,000HR Administrative Expenses150,000Production Cost1,450,000Promotional Expenses (posters, banners, advertisementsetc.)4,500,000Transportation300,000Estimated total expenses(7,500,000)Estimated profit2,500,00010.0 evaluation and ControlWhen involving in introducing a new product into the market, it becomes necessary to plan the overall operation in advance, in addition to budgetary provision to carry forward the objective. The controlling and monitoring aspects are two areas, which need everla sting attention. Any deviation will tend to upset a proper implementation of this strategic marketing plan. Therefore the following action plan can be utilized by Watawala Plantations PLC in order to evaluate and control the strategic marketing activities.Marketing StrategyActionResponsibilityControl and EvaluationMethodologyMarketingCommunication beseechAdvertisementon TV,internet, radio,newspapers,ad campaigns onthe streetsMarketingManagers, Marketing ExecutivesMonthlySales FiguresMarketingPromotionCampaignSet Up SpecialStand for PersonalSellingMarketingManagers, Salesmanagers,Counter staffSupervisorsCount CustomersandMonitorSales per Month calculatePromotionalEvent Major CitiesMarketingManagers,Supervisors,HostessesCountParticipantsPromotionaloffers e.g.free gifts withpurchaseMarketingManagers,ProductionManagersProducedOutputFiguresDistribution ofFreeSamples toCustomersAt exchange pointMarketingManagers,Cashiers,SupervisorsCountCustomers

Translation And Its Role In India English Language Essay

deracination And Its Role In India side of meat Language EssayQuestions such as, what is translationwherein lies its complexity? have been asked ever since books stopped being restricted to one target readership and moved beyond the boundaries of language. The term translation technically con nones the art of recomposing a work in another(prenominal) language with discover losing its original flavour, or of finding an analogous substitute.Its complexity lies in it being wish the transfer of perfume from one bottle to another. As alert as you be, some fragrance is lost but the challenge remains to capture the essence.All things in nature be subject to change and so is all heathenish matter. Translation is al slipway a shift, not mingled with two languages but between the two types of cultural matter.India is a linguistic wandflower of unparalleled richness. Few contexts could be better suited than the Indian for a discussion of the processes of translation within a spectac ular stellar setting. How does one mutual idea of India make itself avail up to(p) to a Bengali, Tamil or a Marathi in any way save that of translation? Translation provides a cognitive map of Indias linguistic world in all its interrelatedness as well as estrangement. All texts and all readers are both monolingual and multilingual. A text, obviously written literally in one language in a given manifestation faces a multi lingual reader and thus reaches out to a practically larger base, unifying experiences and opinions as it expands.English has to be admitted as a vast reservoir of translation in contemporary India. It whitethorn no longer be a colonial language, but it is increasingly a conduit language. This filter language, as Khubchandani terms it, has today a certain ineluctable presence. More English translating have been published in India in recent times than ever before, but our awareness of the pauperization to ensure quality in translation has not heightened the same extent. Who should judge a translation somebody who stinker read the original or somebody who cannot? A person who was able to read the language, and enjoyed the original may find no translation satisfactory, whereas someone who cannot is likely to regard readability in English is the prime requisite.It seems unarguable that the exclusively way in which the ideology of unity can be explored in a multilingual society like ours is by accepting both the need for, and the problems of, translation.The Sanskritised term we currently use for translation in many Indian languages isanuvada which literally means after speech so it seems wrong in the start-off place to discuss it in an Introduction. It also stands in contrast toanukaran, which implies aping or slavish imitation, but there ought to be a more to the word than yet the redeion that it could involve creative license of a kind?Any discussion of translation leads automatically to the question who is an ideal translator? The wr iter himself, or someone who has not been involved in the primary creative art? The task of the translator is to unfreeze the shapes that thought took in one language and refreeze them into another. A translator must take into account rules that are not strictly linguistic but cultural. Translators, even when trying to give us the flavor of the language, are in fact modernizing the source. As far as translators in India are concerned, most Indians who grow up in urban conditions and go to school and college face up shifts from one language to another so often and so comfortably that translation seems second nature to them.TRANSLATION STUDIESThe Pedagogy of Translationby Vanamala ViswanathaTranslation Studies is a young discipline still in the process of mapping its territory. Attempts have been made to define its boundaries and develop its terrain by scholars working in disciplines as varied as Anthropology, Comparative Literature, Culture Studies, Linguistics and Literary Theory.V iewing translation as a transaction between two languages, the dominant linguistic paradigm has treated it merely as a matter of transfer from the beginning Language to the invest Language.There can be two ways of translating Transliteration and Transcreation.Transliteration or literal translation is word-to-word, phrase-to-phrase or sentence-to-sentence carrying over from the Source Text into the Target Text. This means that the wrangling and terminologies would either require exact equivalents in the Target Language or would have to be put as it is into the Target Text. It may be ideal for texts falling under technical registers. But they would conjure up extremely difficult when done on cultural texts. The aim of the translation is to reproduce meanings of the Source Text and the immediate effect it produces on the native listening for the readers and audience of another culture in whose language the text is to be translated. But, say, all(prenominal) Hindi word cannot have a counterpart in English because of its vast language and cultural differences in certain connotations and structures. Hence, the literal translation of cultural/literary whole works would be like forsaking the duty of a translator.On the other hand, transcreation or cultural translation means a partial or complete freedom to the translator in dealing with the Source Text. The translator has to render the Source Text in a recreated form in the Target Language. It involves reading e actually word and sentence carefully, but it is not only or simply a literal rendering.Another step in translation is termed as Transfer. It is the stage in which the analysed material is transferred in the soul of the translator from the Source Text to the Target Text. The final stage is restructuring the transferred material. The basic structural elements have to be transferred to the Target Language. It has to be ensured in the process of fracture that the same effect the Source Text had should be achieved for the Target Text for its readers. When the translation produces the same effect as on the original audience thus the translation can be considered equivalent to the Source Text.PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATIONThe translator has to deal with the problem of finding equivalent words and expressions in the Target Language, which though cannot be substitutes for the expressions in the Source Language, but can come close to it, can raise similar feelings and attitudes in the readers and audiences of the Target Text.Literary and cultural texts suggest rather than describe meanings. Cultural meanings are very specific and their connotations vary with words in other languages. Therefore, it is really difficult to expect equivalence between the texts of two languages separated by two unlike cultures. The translator has to interpret and analyse the connotative and suggestive of the Source Text and on the basis of his noesis of the culture of the Target Text he has to recreate the meanings in the new language.Figures of speech, extended metaphors, idioms, proverbs and allegories pose a great challenge to the translator. Even translating dialogues, forms of dressing, different kinds of pabulum can be difficult when it has strong cultural roots. For example, words like saree, churidar, pan, pallucannot have an English counterpart. In India, there is a specific word for every familial relationship. For instance,chacha, mama, phupha, taujiare all called uncle in English, similarly nana-nanianddada-dadi are simply grandparents. Also, the suggested meanings of these relationships can never be translated into any other language.To show how the differences in cultural facts can cause difficulties in the translation of metaphors we may look at the symbolic meanings of certain words in different cultures. Owl in English is the symbol of wisdom whereas it symbolizes ill-fortune in Persian and is associated to superstitious beliefs in India. Also, pig, hog and swine are differ ent words for the same animal but these small variations can create big differences in metaphorical meaningsSam is a pig.Sam is a hog.Sam is a swine.The languages which do not have separate words for these different categories would fail to represent the difference between the discoursal value of the above metaphors. Thus, a literal translation may lead to Target Language metaphors with different and sometimes completely opposite discoursal values.TRANSLATED WRITERSWe are now going to talk about a few writers who have brought out very vividly the different cultures of India through their writing in vernacular languages. The languages we are going to focus upon are Hindi, Urdu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Tamil and Kannada. It is the voice of this marginalized section writing in vernacular languages, curiously of the women regional writers, which needs to be heard. This is possible only through translation, which gives them recognition all over the world.RABINDRANATH TAGORETagore wa s the first Indian Nobel Laureate. He won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his translation of theGitanjali.His best cognize works areGoraandGhare Baire. His works verse, short stories and novels are acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism and contemplation. Of Tagores prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded indeed he is credited with originating the Bengali language version of the genre. His short stories mostly borrow from the deceptively simple subject matter common people. The translation of his works into various languages has given people across cultures a glimpse of the world of the Bengali common man.Given below is Robi Duttas translation of his poem UrvashiNo overprotect thou, no daughter thouThou art no bride,O maiden fair and freeO inhabitant of NandanUrvasiGULZARSampooran Singh Kalrabetter known as Gulzar is anIndianpoet,lyricistanddirector.Gulzarprimarily works inHindi-Urduand also works in Punjabi, several dialects of Hindi likebraj bha sha,khadi boli,Haryanviand Marwari.Gulzar has received many awards including the Padma Bhushan and the academy Awardfor his song Jai Ho.He has been widely translated into English and other languages. During the Jaipur Literary Festival, Pawan Varma, an eminent IFS officer who has translated Gulzars poetry, said that he faced a difficulty translating phrases like tip tip and tap tap and Gulzar replied abhi to humne kabutar ki gutar goon shuru bhi nahi ki hai.Sunjoy Shekhar, who has also translated Gulzar calls himself a smuggler trying to surreptitiously smuggle the feelings evoked by Gulzars lyrics across an impermissible, alien wordscape. To give a flavor of the translation of his poetry, given below is a song of his along with its translationbasa cand kraoD,aoM saalaaoM maoMsaUrja kI Aaga bauJaogaI jabaAaOr rak, D,ogaI saUrja saojaba kao- caaMd na DUbaogaaAaOr kao- ja,maIM na BarogaItba zMDa bauJaa k kaoyalaa saaTukD,a yao ja,maIM ka GaUmaogaaBaTka BaTkamawma KiksaI raoSanaI maoMm aOM saaocata hUM sa emailprotectedAga,r kaga,ja, po ilaKI hu- naj,makhIM D,to D,to saUrja maoM igarotao saUrja ifr saoo jalanao lagaoIn a billion years whenThe suns fire dwindlesAnd ash blows across its surfaceThen the moon will no longer waneAnd the land not riseWhen like a cold, burnt out piece of coalThis earth revolvesLost in its scrollTrailing a dying, sepia glowI think thenIf a poem written on a piece of paper was to drift alongAnd perchance land on the sunThe sun would ignite again.AMBAIC. S. Lakshmi was born inCoimbatore,Tamil Naduin 1944. Some of her works A color SeaandIn A Forest, A Deer(2006) have been translated English byLakshmi Holmstrm. In 2006, she (along with Lakshmi Holmstrm) won the Vodafone-Crossword prize. For her contributions to Tamil literature, she received the 2008Iyal Virudhu. Her work is characterized by her feminism, an oculus for detail, and a sense of irony. Exploration of space, silence, coming to terms with ones body or sexuality, and the impor tance of communication are some of the recurring themes in her works.VIJAYDAN DETHAVijaydan Dethaalso known asBijjiis a noted writer fromRajasthanand a recipient ofPadma Shriaward(2007). He has also received several other awards such asSahitya Akademi AwardandSahitya Chudamani Award.He has more than 800 short stories to his credit, which are translated into English and other languages. He is co-founder ofRupayan Sansthanwith lateKomal Kothari, an institute that documents Rajasthani folk-lore, arts and music. His literary works include Bataan ri Phulwari (garden of tales), a fourteen loudness collection of stories that draws on folk-lore and spoken dialects of Rajasthan. His stories and novels have been adapted for many plays and movies includingHabib TanvirsCharandas ChorandAmol PalekarsPaheli.He once said If you do not want to be a comely writer, you should return to your village and write in Rajasthani.5.SALMABorn in 1968 in Tamil Nadu,Salmas first poetry collection shocked cons ervative society where women are supposed to remain silent. In 2003, Salma along with three other Tamil women poets faced obscenity charges and violent threats. Salma is now head of the panchayat (local level governance body) of Thuvarankurichi, near Trichi in Tamil Nadu. The government of Tamil Nadu has appointed her Chairperson of the Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board.Her novel, translated as Midnight Talesfocuses on the inner world of Muslim women in the conservative society of Tamil Nadu in south India. It gives us an insight into what actually goes on in the households of this section of the society and brings it out very effectively. The novel was also long-listed for the Man Asian Prize of 2007.Translating these texts into more widely spoken languages like Hindi and English has taken their voice to a much wider range of readers.

Creating Value For Customers Marketing Essay

Creating Value For Customers merchandise EssayMarketing has often been be in terms of satisfying customers needfully and wants. Critics however maintain that market placeing goes beyond that and creates needs and wants that did non exist before, According to these critics, marketers encourage consumers to spend more money than they should on goods and services they really do not need.Marketing process canister be explained as creating value for customers and building customer alliance by doing this the boldness makes profitThe various elements of marketing process can be classified as followUnderstanding the market place and customers needs and wants.Design a customer driven marketing strategyConstruct marketing program that delivers superior valueBuild profit fitted relationships and create customer delightCapture value to create profits and customer equityFig 1Understanding the market place and customers needs and wants is achieved through in-depth market research and in that locationby identifying a product gap or needs gap. This go away involve trends , how to make things easier , comfortable, better and user friendly. In the early 80s there were few or no roving recollects. A thorough market research has created the need for wandering(a) phones, then came the massive first generation mobile phones. This were later followed by smaller ones and this days we can see the smart phones with in built cameras, clock online movies and saucys ability to actual work from your mobile Samsung note to the new tablets. Every day specialist market research companies, innovators, technicians and scientist all work hand on hand to create a new niche market or brand that makes our lives much more comfortable. Even the pay as you go concept became appargonnt as people could not continue to pay the incredible eminent cost then been charged by manufacturers who were looking at ways to cover the cost of their research and development. So the critics may not b e far from the truth but the ideal is marketers coming with ways and products that makes our lives easy.Design a customer driven marketing strategy. Marketing strategy is a long term means of achieving a corporate objective. If we take the mannequin of the mobile phone industry where the likes of Samsung, IPhone, Nokia are in weighty competition each as to design a marketing strategy to capture a share of the market. Like a military personnel will define the art of going to warfare. Subhash C. Jain in his book marketing , planning and strategy said within a given environment, marketing strategy deals essential with the interplay of three forces known as the strategic three Cs the customer, the competition and the corporation. He says marketing strategies focus on ways in which the corporations can differentiate itself from its competitors, capitalizing on its distinctive strengths to deliver better value to its customers. He hike up concluded that a good marketing strategy shoul d be characterized by (a) clear market definition a good match between corporate strengths and the needs of the market and (c) superior performance , relative to the competition, in the primal success factors of the business.1Construct marketing program that delivers superior value This refers to the marketing combine that is the 4ps theUsually referring to E. Jerome McCarthys24 P classifications for developing an effective marketing strategy, which encompasses product, price, lieu (distribution) and promotion? When its a consumer-centric marketing mix, ithas been extended to includethree more Ps people, process and physical evidence, andthree Cs cost, consumer and competitor. Depending on the industry and the print of the marketing plan, marketing managers will take various approaches to each of the four Ps.The benefits and cost of marketing orientationMarket orientation is the get winding of customers requirement and human race of marketing mix which will meet these needs. Market driven means the firms capability to understand, attract and keep valuable customersG. Armstrong and P. Kotler define marketing as societal and managing processby which the individuals and groups procure what they need by creating and exchanging values with others.3A market-oriented company is in a position to achieve competitive advantagethank to its unique innovative approach to customers. In addition to this,according to the opinion of P. R. Dickson, a competitive advantage should beunderstood in the sense of dynamics of competition. He expresses disagreementwith the standpoint of neoclassic theory of market equilibrium and claimsthat the main characteristic of the market is its disequilibrium. He sees marketingas a acquisition and skill of creating changes (disequilibrium) in the market inthe manner that would provide for the changes that are beneficial for the company.Various responses of salespersons and customers to changes in supply anddemand, thinks Dickson, create possibilities that could be used by the companythat understands market. He underlines the importance of adjusting companyto the market occurrences.4Benefits and cost of market orientationFigure 2 Customer relationship groupsSource G. Armstrong, P. Kotler, Marketing An Introduction, 7. ed., Pearson/Prentice-Hall, upper berth Saddle River, NJ, 2005, p. 25.The above summaries the benefits and cost of market Orientation other advantages are advantagesResponding to DemandBuilding Customer ValueDisadvantagesExtensive and Expensive Research and increase Value Increases CostMicro and Macro environmental factors that affect marketing finaleThe micro environmental factors are factors that can be controlled by the organisation and relates directly with the business these are considered using the factors in fig 3Micro Environmental factorsFig 3Fig 4 shows how different domain affects organisation. The public that affect the marketing decision of the yet they can be controlled and are regarde d as micro are the relation with the following members of this public eg pecuniary public this is based on say for example the organisations annual returns.Fig 4Macro Environmental FactorsThe Target market for mobile phones companies and IT companies are more likely to be the high income earning spectrum of the society or the new graduates and the city bankers and young people in the top echelon of society who will be able to afford the integrated packages that are about to be launched into the market very soon The package will include home entertainment, office package, security package, phone and video calls and financial/banking package all launched as one integrated hand held device.Market segmentation, and Target is followed by positioning, this should be developed and implemented by creating an image for the product, profiling the target market,High Tech gadgets like this integrated hand held device will be bought based on the technical judicial admission what comfort or eas e of doing a task it provide.Buying Behavior is the way and act of people involved in buying and using products. To understand we need to considerwhy a buyer will make a purchase.what factors influence will influence a buyer to buy a certain product.Buying Behavior refers to how people will behave when buying a certain product.A firm needs to consider and study buying behaviour and peoples reactions to the organisation marketing strategy has this will have great impact on the firms success.The marketing concept show how a marketing mix (MM) that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, hence it important to understand the what, where, when and how consumers buy.Stages of the Consumer Buying ProcessThere are Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions).Problem deferred paymentInformation searchThe evoked set.Evaluation of AlternativesPurchase decision-Post Purchase decisionBuying behaviour is often determined by the level of consumer battle in the purch ase decisions, the importance and level of interest the consumer decisions is determined by the motivation to seek information about the product or service. High exponentiation purchase such as buy a luxury car or other expensive items. Also the element of risk involved in the use of the product that is the social risk and the sparing risk.The four type of consumer buying behavior areRoutine Response/Programmed BehaviourLimited Decision MakingExtensive Decision Making/ComplexImpulse buyingRoutine Response/Programmed Behavior this are low involvement very little(a) or no decision effort is required E.g. A can drinkLimited Decision Making This are product bought occasionally example are like clothing but not brandsExtensive Decision Making/Complex This involves unfamiliar, expensive and infrequently bought goods. It involves a high degree of economic performance, and psychological risk. e.g. cars, homes, computers, it also involves a lot of time seeking information and deciding. an d consumers will go through all six stages of the buying process.Impulse buying, this are purchase which are unplanned it like buying chewing gum in the conner shop without actually thinking about it. Also prices at time lead to impulse buying. They are usually low valued items.Ethan Lyon,(http//sparxoo.com/2009/06/18/how-to-define-your-market-position/) said The goal of market positioning is to find the ideal opportunity in the market based on customer needs, market forces and financial and strategic considerations. Once the market opportunity is identified then the organisation can further develop its product and elevate its brand to deliver outstanding value. To clarify the market position, the firm will need to find an overarching theme, then define the details. cross Idea-The idea is an aspirational concept it defines the idea of what the company.For eample the Samsung note goes with the concept of designed for humanValue Proposition- A customer or a consumer buyers the Samsung note they see high value and high qualityDifferentiating Attributes-Samsung has distinguished itself from apple by targeting the main stream yet providing quality and comparable or better phones than those provided by Apple

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Essay -- Differential Diagnoses

Regina is a teenager whos living in a college dorm. When she was younger she broke her nose and afterwards a flyspeck jutting remained. By the time she was a legal adult, Regina thought she had a facial deformity. She became obsessive and refused to go in public. Even after she underwent plastic military operation she still found something else wrong with her face. All this (along with other symptoms) has led me to diagnose Regina with body dysmorphic disorder. People who suffer from body dysmorphic disorder exhibit certain symptoms. rough of these include social isolation, seeking surgery, camouflaging (trying to hide their perceived flaw with clothes, makeup, etc.), and comparing body parts to other peoples appearances (American psychiatric Association, 2013). Regina first thought the sm each bump on her nose was a monumental flaw that had to be corrected. Without that fix, she became socially isolated and wore clothes (giant sweatshirts and hoodies) that would cover up this pe rceived imperfection. Furthermore, Regina couldnt face usual looking people. She compared herself to others and deemed herself a hag. Everyone else was so much better looking and she was too ugly to be seen in public. After her surgery she began to act normal again, merely only for a short while. Soon after she thought her forehead was rife with worry lines. She begged her parents to pay for more plastic surgery, which they declined. She even went to great lengths and open a credit card account to pay for the surgery. Now Regina is in the unfortunate position of not being able to keep up with all her bills. Even after all that, shes still obsessive and has started to skip college classes. All of this due to her appalling wrinkles on her forehead (which others do... ...things they found positive and attractive about her appearance. I would try to butt in her to positive things (such as small social outing with friends and family) to try and get her to change how she responds ar ound others. Slowly, I would introduce Regina back to her college campus and try to show her that its only her way of thinking that is causing her disorder (since no one else can see her flaws). My main close of treatment is to get Regina away from her harmful thoughts and see her in a positive light. Cognitive therapy is all about changing thoughts and emotional responses. Hopefully though repeated effort and altering her thoughts to positive ones, Regina could begin to recover.Works CitedAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.

East Of Eden :: essays research papers

Growing up and change is a very important manipulation in a person&8217s life. Everyday people do this, some for the better and others for the worse. In the movie East of Eden, Aaron is the son that changes for the worse. He becomes a drunk and leaves for a war he doesn&8217t believe in. As for Abra she takes on the role of support for Cal and his laminitis, Adam. She is the glue for the bond that forms between them. But she concisely realizes that the better she knows Cal, the more she starts to fall in love with him. Cal shows a remarkable turnaround from being the evil unloved son, to being the one that is there for his father while he is on his deathbed. All three of these characters show a form of change in bring abouting up. We all have the ability to grow up, some just take advantage of this opportunity. The key is how you decide to grow up. Either for the better, like Cal, or the downside, like Aaron did. Aaron is the only character who shows a reversal, passing game fr om the good son with sweet girlfriend to a drunken fool. It might have been for shadowed by the way he showed his love to Abra, it was a infatuated love. He was with her because that is whom he was supposed to be with. It didn&8217t seem he had deep emotions for her. Then in the end she leaves him for Cal, who she has, fell in love with. Aaron too lived in a closed world, not open for new ideas. When he was told that his mom was dead, that is what he believed and never questioned it. So when he found out that she was brisk and a whore, his whole perfect world came crashing down. Aaron goes out and drinks a lot of alcohol and smashes his head threw a train window. He couldn&8217t except the uprightness about his own family. Aaron&8217s life is almost tragic he had everything going for him. Then, in a day&8217s time, he has lost it all. champion of the most significant characters is Abra. Abra starts out as this innocent unaware girlfriend of Aaron and winds up being one of the ma in ingredients in Cal and Adam&8217s access together. She goes from saying that Cal &8220is the bad son and that &8220he scares me to being the one who falls in love with him.